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A river cannot be treated as a pipeline whose entire flow is divided among users.
Some water must remain within the river to maintain aquatic biodiversity; sediment transport; channel morphology; fisheries; wetland connectivity; groundwater recharge; water quality; and estuarine ecology. This is called environmental flow or e-flow.
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Exam map
Syllabus & Relevance
Paper: GS-3
Theme: Environment
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Quick base
Static Foundation
An updated treaty framework should explicitly integrate ecological requirements alongside human withdrawals.
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Rapid revision
Prelims Quick Facts
Prelims facts will be updated soon.