Probable UPSC/BPSC Mains Question

'Urban flooding in India is less a consequence of excessive rainfall than a manifestation of inappropriate land-use planning and fragmented urban governance.' Examine. Suggest measures for making cities such as Patna climate resilient.

Suggested framework: extreme rainfall + impermeabilisation; wetland loss + encroachment + poor drainage + institutional fragmentation; UFRMP Phase II and Patna's Rs 222.22-crore project; AMRUT 2.0 water-body rejuvenation and GIS master planning. Conclude that Indian cities cannot drain their way out of every extreme rainfall event; resilience requires restoring the city's capacity to absorb water through integrated land-use planning, blue-green infrastructure, technology and empowered urban institutions.